‘Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of...

‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic.’ Introduction In this essay I intend to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach to therapy, in relation to the above statement and will explore their fundamental principles and differences. Throughout the centuries, different methods and techniques have been developed to help enhance the quality of therapy for people who suffer from different types of behaviours. Many theories about how and what therapy is and most effective techniques have been sought†¦show more content†¦This was accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise. He was also able to demonstrate that this fear could be generalized to other white, furry objects. The ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the childs fear was never deconditioned. The development of ‘behaviourism’ at this point in history has since been viewed as a reaction to the psychoanalytical models of human development presented by Freud and the Neo- Freudians, which at the time challenged and confused many and appeared to lack scientific rigour. The behavioural perspective outlines two processes of conditioning, which are Classical and Operant Conditioning. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioural psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behaviour modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. The main differences are shown below: Classical conditioning: †¢ First described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a Russian physiologist †¢ Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex †¢ Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviours In his famous experiment, IvanShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourist’s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic One†.2459 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one†. The term ‘therapy’ has been defined as an activity which ‘involves the treatment of a disease or disorder, by some remedial, rehabilitating, or curative process’. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can beRead MoreChrysalis module four behaviourism stud3023 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬ËœBehaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ In this essay I will first of all explain the main principles and theories that underpin the behaviourist approach to psychology. I will subsequently outline how behaviourist theory can provide therapists with some insight into both the causes of maladaptive behaviour

Critical Media Analysis - 1146 Words

Micaela Flanigan February 18, 2013 Critical Media Analysis The advertisement being analyzed is from Amitron and is selling a woman’s watch. The advertisement was found in Marie Claire magazine, which is a publication for women and pertains to topics such as fashion, style, beauty, women’s issues, and health issues. Marie Claire is ranked as number 87 in circulation and 988,418 magazines were circulated as of 2012. The estimated advertising rate for Marie Claire is $79,760. The primary target demographics of the readership are women ages 18 and older. To find publishing information, I referred to Marie Claire’s website and it address the subject matter of the publication. The Gaebler aided in finding information pertaining to†¦show more content†¦The power of the advertisement comes from the woman, not from the watch. She is portrayed as being happy, relaxed, and carefree. It is interesting that the woman isn’t shown wearing the watch. Rather than promote the watch itself, the woman’s appearance is emphasized. The idea that â€Å"men act and women appear† is directly emphasized in this advertisement (Berger, 1977). Her rosy cheeks and wide smile attribute to the idea of a carefree lifestyle. In relation to the history of advertising, this advertisement falls under the typographic culture. There is little emphasis on the text, rather, on the image of the product being advertised (Postman, 1985). There is hardly any text to explain the product; rather the woman does the explaining. Her facial expression is the focal selling point of the advertisement. The overall message of the advertisement is to somewhat difficult to decode. There is some ambiguity in figuring out the underlying message, however. The main purpose of the advertisement is to sell a woman’s watch. The underlying interpretation is that by buying this expensive watch, one will have time for more enjoyable activities and lead a stress-free life. When scanning through magazines to find a suitable adver tisement, this particular one didn’t stand out to me. It was relatively simple to decipher, not extremely flashy or controversial. However, after glancing back at it, the key point of interest were the words, â€Å"Snow Angels: 2:48Show MoreRelatedCritical Analysis: Social Media Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Moye ENGL 101 Sec. 5 Fall 2012 They Say / I Say Essay 1 Critical Analysis: Social Media Find me on Twitter, Facebook, and even MySpace, because we are here to change the world so â€Å"follow† me. I have read the writings of Malcolm Gladwell and Dennis Baron to analyze and write about. They have both presented different points and ideas on the significance of social media and how it has affected our world past and present. Gladwell’s essay, â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not BeRead MoreCritical Analysis of Using of Social Media in Recruitment3325 Words   |  14 Pages------------------------------------------------- CRITICAL ANALYSIS of using of SOCIAL MEDIA in recruitment ------------------------------------------------- CRITICAL ANALYSIS of using of SOCIAL MEDIA in recruitment ------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary In this report I have critically analysed Biocon’s recruitment policy keeping in mind its usage of social media. This report helps to identify the lacunas of using social media in the recruitment process. In the age ofRead MoreCritical Analysis - Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’1546 Words   |  7 PagesClaussen, Dane S. 2004, ‘Cognitive Dissonance, Media illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’, American Behavioral Scientist, Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 212-218. Topic – The article ‘Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’ is examining and discussing public opinion, media illiteracy and cognitive dissonance. The author takes you through a break down on public opinion of newspapers and television news and shows why a lot of the quantitative research taken overRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis Happening Thousands Miles Away Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesMethodology Critical discourse analysis For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler (1991/2013) believes â€Å"news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a reflection of intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of criteria for selection† (p. 2). â€Å"The news media select events forRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )1507 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, po litical, cultural, etc.) contexts in which those textsRead MoreDiscourse Features Of Mental Health1658 Words   |  7 Pagesnumerous studies of doctor/patient interaction and of the interaction between other health care professionals and their clients. The research of online community that has gained increased attention by public media and health experts (Wolf et al, 2013) appeared, and there was also critical discourse analysis on the pro-anorexia movement (Knapton, 2013). From these researches, I am able to see that discourse features tend to be different due to different participates, for example, people who are sufferingRead MoreMedia Journal A Critical Analysis of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe Daily Show pronounces itself as a fake news program, and it pulls its comedy and satire from current news reports, politicians, media companies, and often, features of the show itself. The show usually begins with an extended monologue from host, Jon Stew art, communicating new headlines and regularly includes discussions with several correspondents, who assume ridiculous or amusingly overstated takes on recent events against Stewarts straightforward character. The concluding segment containsRead MoreThe Hidden Power of Media Discourse and the Capacity of the Capitalist Class to Exercise this Power2081 Words   |  9 PagesASSIGNMENT 5 â€Å"The hidden power of media discourse and the capacity of the capitalist class and other power-holders to exercise this power depend on systematic tendencies in news reporting and other media activities† (Page 25). Explain and exemplify. Zulfiqar Ahmad ID # 4025 Submitted to: Dr. M. Umer Farooq 1. Introduction Hidden power, according to Fairclough (1995a), is the â€Å"power behind discourse† and entails how and to what extent the holders of powers exercise theirRead MoreUse Of Technology And Digital Devices2192 Words   |  9 Pagesat how students and teachers view the use of digital devices in classrooms, ethnography using participant observation to assess how students and teachers interact in digital and non digital environments. To further answer this question discourse analysis would be applied to understand how technological devices are viewed and subverted by language. Undertaking this research will allow schools to provide students with the best possible learning tools to potentially enhance their education and prospectsRead MoreDane S Claussens Paper on Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media: A Critical Analysis2091 Words   |  8 PagesCritical analysis of Dane S. Claussens paper on cognitive dissonance, media illiteracy and public opini on on news media This paper aims at providing a critical analysis of Dane S. Claussens paper on, and titled, cognitive dissonance, media illiteracy and public opinion on news media. In this paper you will find, first a brief description of the paper being critiqued, followed by a short summary of the paper. Then you will find a brief description of the contextual position and importance of this

Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions And How It Relates To Leadership

Question: Explain what combination of dimensions you think would make the most effective leader Answer: Hofstede model of cultural dimensions Social psychologist Geert Hofstede created a framework of cross cultural communication. The five cultural dimensions mentioned in this model are derived depending upon the national cultures and different dimensions of values (Kreitner Kinicki, 2013). The following five values were mentioned in the model: Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs Femininity Individualism vs Collectivism Long vs short term orientation Power distance: According to Hofstede Minkov (2010) power distance is generally seen in the different employee layers of organization. The less powerful employees in an organization will have to report to the medium level managers who in turn reports to the upper or senior level managers. However cultures with low power distance like the US organizational culture is favorable for effective management of the organizational objectives. Uncertainty avoidance: This dimension measures the degree to which the prevailing culture helps the employees to cope of comfortably with the unstructured environments or unknown situations (Chen, 2009). High uncertainty avoidance culture makes the employees emotional and increases the scope of rules, laws and regulations within the organization. However low uncertainty avoidance will make the employees dynamic and they will be able to adapt to any changing situation. Masculinity vs femininity: This dimension measures the organizations personality against masculine and feminine stereotypes. The organizations with assertive, competitive and rules generated culture the masculinity concept is followed. On the contrary the organizations with dynamic, flexibility and creative outlook the femininity are followed. For instance a media company will follow a feminine culture whereas a factory production company will follow a masculine culture (Chen, 2009). Individualism vs collectivism: Individualism is defined as a degree to which the individuals are integrated into groups (McFarlin Sweeney, 2013). The organizations with individualist culture will be identified by employees focusing on personal achievements and rights. The employees will not have any contribution to the achievement of the overall organizational goal. On the contrary in collectivist culture the employees are seen to act cohesively in a group to fulfill the attainment of organizational objectives as well as individual objectives. Long vs short term orientation: The long term orientation measures the long term values like the perseverance, thrift and rewards attached to future prospective. The organizations in China are seen to show long term orientation culture (Kreitner Kinicki, 2013). On the contrary the short term orientation focuses on the short term values like respect for tradition, completion of social obligations and avoidance of personal embarrassment. Organizations with low long term orientation and high degree of short term orientation are seen to have employees who demonstrate personal stability and observe daily customs like giving and receiving gifts. Relation of Hofstede model with leadership According to Lind van den Bos (2013) the role of a global leader is very diverse in respect of managing cross border trade, travel and business and business negotiations. The cultural dimensions of the model helps the leader to understand the type of behavior required from the leader in different cultures. In this regard it may be noted that the leaders in an organization should be collectivist rather than individualist and for a leader to show collectivism the organization should have a low power distance culture. For instance leaders in organizations of UK, USA and Canada are more collectivist and are successful in attaining organizational goals as well as individual goals. Similarly Kreitner Kinicki (2013) opined that leaders in higher uncertainty avoidance societies like Germany, Japan and Spain are seen to be aggressive and individual goal oriented. These leaders tend to be long term oriented and pay no attention to the present necessities of the group members. Hence Hofstede Minkov (2010) suggested that an organization to have a congenial working environment it is necessary that the leaders should also be short term oriented and pay attention to the psychological needs of the group members like gifts, care and friendly attitude. Moreover the leader is required to have low uncertainty avoidance so that the group as well as the leader is able to adapt themselves with any diverse situations. Chen (2009) further added that among the five cultural dimensions power distance is the most important determinant of leadership style. Keeping the cultural dimensions in mind may be suggested that leadership traits like situational leadership, participative leadership style and transformational leadership style should be adopted by the leaders for the purpose of attainment of the organizational goal. Hence with the help of Hofstede model the organizations can generate effective leaders for efficient management of operations. Reference list Books Chen, O. (2009). Organizational behavior and dynamics. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Hofstede, G. Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2013). Organizational behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. McFarlin, D., Sweeney, P. (2013). International organizational behavior. New York: Routledge. Journals Lind, E., van den Bos, K. (2013). Freeing organizational behavior from inhibitory constraints. Research In Organizational Behavior, 33, 79-95. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2013.10.001

Fat Girl free essay sample

Sometimes it is not about fighting diseases and going through tragedy to overcome self-consciousness, sometimes it is what it is and there is nothing to do about it. Judith Moore uses quite a bit of rhetorical strategy throughout her novel. Her most effective strategy had to have been ethos. She is telling her story. Her story is not fun, it is not happy. There is no happy ending; it makes the reader feel sorrow and pain for her. â€Å"Mama said this was it, this was the final straw how fat I was. I would be going on the strictest diet ever. By then I was eleven and I had been on many diets† (Moore 178). This is a story on how an eleven year old girl was being bullied by her mother because she was a little over weight. She is being put on diets at the age of ELEVEN. This does so much harm mentally to such a small child. We will write a custom essay sample on Fat Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moore is appealing to the emotions of the reader, she is making them feel hurt for her, and it does. The argument Moore made was that, no matter how hard someone tries to fight it, no matter how much they diet or attempt to please everyone, it will never happen. Just be happy with who they are. Personally, the argument made is very valid. It is impossible to please everyone that judges the individual person. There is no point in trying too. As the reader, feelings towards the author’s argument have been agreed with all throughout. The opinion made while interpretation the beginning of the novel is exactly how it is towards the end. Judith Moore had a effective point in saying that people will never be happy, so just be true. To ever be able to write the way Judith Moore does would be incredible. She has such a strong voice, and such a good story to tell. If being eligible to write with such fascinating rhetorical strategies in writing would be great. The way she uses ethos really draws the reader into her writing. She uses logos very well too, because she knows what she is talking about. She has experienced it, her story is very confirming. Using her writing effectively would make pieces of writing much stronger and add better purpose to the piece.

Assignment Final Paper Topic Thesis free essay sample

Confirm your topic, and identify how this selection relates to your academic and professional pursuits. Review the feedback from your topic choice presented in the Week One discussion. How did your argument stand up to the examination of your peers? Thesis : Write a direct and concise thesis statement, which will become the point or perspective you will argue or prove in the Final Research paper. Refer to the Gifford Online Writing Center for information on how to develop a solid thesis statement.PAP Reference Page For this paper, you will conduct research in peer-reviewed journals or other sources that are considered to have academic information. You will need a minimum of five professional scholarly sources, at least one of which is a multimedia source. For each source, you are responsible for summarizing the source and examining how it will support you in defending your argument. Keep in mind the Academic Research standards for all Gifford University Papers. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment Final Paper Topic Thesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Academic Research Academic research and papers must meet certain standards of quality recognized by the academic community.What constitutes quality, academic research? Primary sources, which are documents from the time period being discussed Secondary sources supported by research in primary sources Credible sources (experts in the area of study) Relevant research (materials are For downloading more course tutorials visit ; HTTPS://bitty. Com/l rubout If you are returning to college with a kid or more, you might assume that on- campus living is not an option. This is not always true. A lot of colleges provide a place for children to live as well.Colleges and universities have accepted the act that some students are older and already have families. Be sure to ask early about housing options for families, because it tends to fill up very fast. Education General Education Research Paper link. The Final Research Paper is due in Week Five. To help in the Final Research Paper. Refer to the Gifford Online Writing Center for Relevant research (materials are pertinent to the area of study) In graduate work, the use of peer-reviewed journal articles (journal articles reviewed by recognized experts in the relevant field of study) is required. Educational and Governs

J.E.B Vs Alabama essays

J.E.B Vs Alabama essays The U.S. Supreme Court made a wise decision in J.E.B V. Alabama. I agree with the ruling of the supreme court because jurors shouldn't be discriminated against by their race let alone their gender. In J.E.B v. Alabama this man clearly didn't get a far trial due to the attorneys use of peremptory challenges. If the highest court of the land had a 6-3 vote showing this jury didn't serve justice then obviously peremptory challenges don't benefit neither the plaintiff or defendant. The petitioner argued that is fourteenth amendment's equal protection clause had been violated because he didn't ave a fair jury. The attorneys used peremptory challenges to exclude all male jurors so obviously the petitioner's jury was a it bias due to the fact most females aren't sympathetic to men who don't pay child's support. I'm quite glad ,honestly, that the supreme court realized that attorneys used their peremptory challenges to discriminate against genders. Some attorneys fail to realize that It is not at all okay to remove jurors based on gender so they can ha ve an advantage in the trial. If its not acceptable to remove jurors to have an all same race jury, why do they feel its its admissible to remove people to have a same gender jury? It stated that out of a pool of thirty-three potential jurors, ten males were excused because of peremptory challenges. An all female jury was th result of some attorneys attempt to get their client an edge over the defendant. I believe their was a direct correlation between the verdict and the all female jury. I find it hard to believe that this attorney used his peremptory challenges not looking for an advantage in the trial. Thats exactly it, the attorneys use their challenges to discriminate against gender in hope of a trial and verdict in their favor. J.E.B felt his jury exclusion of males was a direct violation of the fourteenth amendment because he didn't get a fair jury that represented his ...

Globalization Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization Effect - Essay Example Factors such as advanced technological changes and the evolution of advanced communication methods have informed the way modern day students think, learn and interact. The Australian education structure has not been left behind in the globalization process. It is for this reason that its education system is informed by changes in the society and promoted by top quality teaching, which is encouraged by critical thinking and compound global perspectives. This education system also seeks to expand students’ capacity to be vital consumers of information from the media, analyze information, develop arguments, tackle unfairness; grow compassion for others, and arbitrate conflicts (Bliss, 2003, p 3). The first part of this paper will therefore seek to examine the concept of globalization in light of the Australian education system and seek to analyze the extent to which globalization has affected the Australian education system. This will focus on technologies and mechanisms that hav e been introduced in the Australian education system. The second part of this paper will in part be addressed the impact of globalization on Australian education based on sociology and will thus lay emphasis on the impact of globalization on the interaction of students in the Australian education centers. ... Australian students have thus developed their own perception and have used this perception to interpret and judge the behavior, lifestyle and standard of other people. To overcome this problem, the students are encouraged to reflect on how human perspectives are shaped by gender, age, creed, ethnicity, culture, class, geographical location, language, nationality, race and ideology. The challenge is therefore for the teachers to encourage students to appreciate the limitations of the perspectives they have developed, and challenge each other’s assumptions by promoting differing views that inject new ideas and perceptions of the world. This kind of thinking is known to encourage pluralist views, thereby enabling students to appreciate and respect beliefs, values and customs that are different from their own. This highly radical Australian global education seeks to prepare Australian students to live in this highly globalized world by acquiring a succinct understanding of a rapid ly shifting cultural, environmental, economic, technological and global trend. The Australian global education seeks to support this assertion that the globalization theory and the globalization practice are linked with one another. This is because such a global education instills principles and values that enable the students to become better citizens of the universe. Most of this global educational change in Australia has been occasioned by rapid technological and multicultural changes that have revolutionized the global education systems. The technological improvements have made learning much easier and informed a rapid exchange of ideas and information. These advanced technologies have now been